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凤凰彩票返点2023-01-31 16:05

博物馆:“活化”文物的深层次意义******

  作者:于 颖

  通过文物研究、通过展览进行深入浅出的阐述、视觉表达和引导,以及沉浸式的体验,让大众从多方面感受文物的魅力,认同文化的价值,不断提高审美能力,可以形成一个良好的非遗传承环境,吸引更多的人去追寻和继承先人留下的珍贵足迹和心路历程,得其精神,化古为今。

  2022年岁末,上海博物馆建馆70周年庆之际,推出的秘藏南宋朱克柔缂丝《莲塘乳鸭图》特展,令观众惊艳。因为古代丝织品非常脆弱,为降低其受损风险,此次展览时间仅为16天。展厅空间主要分割成了四个区域:缂丝知识导览、沉浸式欣赏秘藏文物、缂丝技法体验互动区和明清缂丝书画文物。尽管展厅空间不大,但在参观动线和内容设计上都作了精细的规划,并以过去几年来收集到的公众普遍关心的3个问题——“缂丝技法的来源”“缂丝发展的过程”“缂丝书画的奥秘”作为展览的切入点。

  自从《国家宝藏》通过故事演绎的方式将《莲塘乳鸭图》推向公众的视野,上海博物馆这一馆藏秘宝便广为人知。人们对于缂丝从陌生到产生兴趣,并对世间极品朱克柔缂丝《莲塘乳鸭图》充满向往。2021年,上海博物馆举办的“丝理丹青——明清缂绣书画特展”通过3D动画的方式,将缂丝工艺从上机织造过程、从明清缂丝书画文物局部精选出来的10种常用缂丝技法进行3D还原,清晰地展示了缂丝技艺的不同寻常之处,让人们一目了然。解答了人们对于刺绣和缂丝之间模糊不清的问题。

  而这次《莲塘乳鸭图》特展在之前展览的基础上,进一步从历史、文化和工艺高度的三个方面,来阐述缂丝书画的惊艳绝技发展到极致的作品是如何神技鬼工。若非亲眼所见,难以置信。进而,解密独一无二的“朱缂”法的妙趣所在。深入分析这一技法之外,还展示了由当代缂丝非遗传承者放大3倍仿缂的朱克柔作品的4个局部,不仅让观众真切地感受到缂丝技法和缂丝魅力,也以一种实验传承模式来倡导传承者必须取法中上,才能摸索出大匠、大师之路。

  展厅中央设计了一个幽暗的观赏《莲塘乳鸭图》的环境,这不仅是为了更好地保护文物,也在于这样的观赏环境能让人与文物形成一种沉浸式的对话。仿佛跨越了岁月后的一次文化的遇见、一个向卓越艺术的致敬、一份血脉相连的感动。让观众在朱克柔缂丝书画精彩绝伦的时空中,感受到中华文明的厚重与优雅。缂是一种纺织工艺,沿着古老的丝绸之路传入中原,有“缂丝”之名。南宋朱克柔融合院体画艺于缂丝技艺,以纤细的合色花线(合花线)作调色,以缂丝技法来摹画水墨笔意,晕色效果自然天成,精工细作,后世赞其名为“朱缂”。此次展出的《莲塘乳鸭图》,为朱克柔所作的唯一巨幅传世珍品,全幅以彩色丝线缂织而成。

  接着是缂丝技法体验互动区,不仅让一般观众获得了从不同角度看缂丝所获得的不同的色彩和效果,体验到了缂丝书画何以丝光流转、光彩照人的艺术过程,还能让前来观展的缂丝艺人从中悟得某些道理、得到审美的启迪,这对年轻一代传承人更具有启思的意义。例如,3倍放大仿缂《莲塘乳鸭图》局部的,是一位自小学习缂丝工艺的苏州缂丝非遗传承人,她通过这一次对原作的研究、揣摩、仿制,获得了新的领悟,改变了原来师傅教授给她的一些技法与习惯,实现了自我突破和创新。

  展览最后,人们看到两件明清传承的缂丝书画作品,通常都会感叹它们与《莲塘乳鸭图》之间的差距之大,不少观众甚至觉得这两件是道具品。这里也有着一份策展的深意,用实体文物来触发人们对缂丝书画传承的思考,尤其是其在当下的艺术发展价值。这形成了一种鲜明的对照:两件明清缂丝书画也是留存下来的当时比较精良的作品,能代表当时的主流缂丝书画水平,但没有《莲塘乳鸭图》那么神采卓然,令人心神向往。原因何在?是缂丝书画在传承过程中遗失了什么吗?是明清缂丝书画创作受到商业化生产的影响,无论艺术性还是工艺精细方面都弱化了?还是社会文化价值导向和艺术环境不同导致的?这两件明清作品的对比或者说映衬,让观众更直接地体验到艺术的卓越,需要一种精神的力量与社会的文化氛围来成就。

  快节奏的现代生活中,人们对于更丰富、更具有精神力量和艺术魅力的事物越来越心向往之。国家重视非物质文化遗产的重要性,然而作为非遗之一的缂丝工艺的价值并未能被人们普遍认识到。这项传统手工艺,目前遭遇着严峻的挑战。根据辽宁省博物馆专家朴文英在苏州地区缂丝传承人群中十来年的跟踪调查,这项手工艺后继传人流失的问题甚是严重。

  博物馆是“活化”文物的重要一环,也是“活化”文物背后的非物质文化价值的重要之地。通过文物研究、通过展览进行深入浅出的阐述、视觉表达和引导,以及沉浸式的体验,让大众从多方面感受文物的魅力,认同文化的价值,不断提高审美能力,可以形成一个良好的非遗传承环境,吸引更多的人去追寻和继承先人留下的珍贵足迹和心路历程,得其精神,化古为今。而博物馆的角色,正是其中最为重要的桥梁和引导者,为璀璨文明之光背书,为历代无声之艺代言。

  (作者于颖系上海博物馆研究馆员)

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中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******

  中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。

资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。

  2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。

  日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。

  日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。

  事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。

  因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。

  日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。

  《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。

  德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。

  日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。

  国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。

  太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。

  Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business

  By John Lee

  (ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.

  Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.

  The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

  On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.

  The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.

  In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.

  Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.

  The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.

  The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.

  The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.

  According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.

  As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.

  However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.

  Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.

  The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.

  If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.

 

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